World J Gastroenterol. 2010 August 7; 16(29): 3704-3708.
Published online 2010 August 7. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i29.3704.
Copyright©2010 Baishideng. All rights reserved.
Rosilene G Badiani, Vitória Becker, Renata M Perez, Carla AL Matos, Lara B Lemos, Valéria P Lanzoni, Luis Eduardo C Andrade, Alessandra Dellavance, Antonio Eduardo B Silva and Maria Lucia G Ferraz.
Rosilene G Badiani, Vitória Becker, Carla AL Matos, Lara B Lemos, Antonio Eduardo B Silva, Maria Lucia G Ferraz, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Renata M Perez, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Valéria P Lanzoni, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Luis Eduardo C Andrade, Alessandra Dellavance, Immunology Group, Fleury Medicine and Health, 04344-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Author contributions: Badiani RG, Becker V, Lemos LB and Matos CAL collected all the human material and performed the research; Andrade LEC, Dellavance A and Lanzoni VP provided reagents and analytical tools and were also involved in editing the manuscript; Badiani RG, Perez RM, Silva AEB and Ferraz MLG designed the study, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.
Correspondence to: Maria Lucia G Ferraz, Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil. marialucia.ferraz@fleury.com.br
Telephone: +55-11-50147426 Fax: +55-11-50147425
Received February 1, 2010; Revised March 20, 2010; Accepted March 27, 2010;
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the overlap of autoimmune hepatitis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis.
METHODS: Among 1759 patients with hepatitis C submitted to liver biopsy, 92 (5.2%) presented intense interface hepatitis. These patients were evaluated regarding the presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA) and anti-liver/kidney microsomal antibody (LKM-1), levels of γ-globulin and histological findings related to autoimmune hepatitis (plasma cell infiltrate and presence of rosettes).
RESULTS: Among patients with hepatitis C and intense interface hepatitis there was a low prevalence of autoantibodies (ANA = 12%, SMA = 5%, LKM-1 = 0%) and the median γ-globulin level was within the normal range. Typical histological findings of autoimmune disease were observed in only two cases (2%). After applying the score for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis, only one patient was classified with a definitive diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Since overlap with autoimmune hepatitis was not the explanation for the intense necroinflammatory activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C we sought to identify the variables associated with this finding. The presence of intense interface hepatitis was associated with more advanced age, both at the time of infection and at the time of the biopsy, and higher prevalence of blood transfusion and alcohol abuse.
CONCLUSION: Although possible, overlap with autoimmune hepatitis is a very rare association in HCV-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis, an unusual presentation which seems to be related to other host variables.
Keywords: Hepatitis C, Liver biopsy, Antinuclear antibody, Autoimmune hepatitis, Interface hepatitis
INTRODUCTION
Hepatitis C is the main cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality and represents a worldwide public health problem[1]. An estimated 170 million individuals are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), corresponding to 3% of the world population[2].
Infection with HCV is characterized by a high chronicity rate (70% to 85%)[3-6], progression to cirrhosis in 20% to 30% of cases[1,6-8] and the development of hepatocarcinoma in 5% of patients[9]. In addition, this infection represents the most common indication for liver transplantation worldwide[10].
Histological analysis of patients chronically infected with HCV usually reveals some degree of fibrosis, generally associated with the presence of mild or moderate necroinflammatory activity[11]. However, a histological pattern demonstrating intense interface hepatitis has been reported[12,13]. In these cases a possible association with autoimmune hepatitis has been suggested, raising doubts regarding the correct diagnosis and the establishment of adequate treatment[14-16]. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the overlap with autoimmune hepatitis in HCV-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
Patients chronically infected with HCV followed up at the Federal University of Sao Paulo between 1993 and 2006, who were submitted to a liver biopsy, were studied. The inclusion criteria were chronic infection with HCV (characterized by HCV-RNA positivity) and the presence of intense interface hepatitis upon histological analysis. Patients previously treated or who were HBsAg-positive were excluded.
A control group consisting of patients chronically infected with HCV, who presented absent, mild or moderate interface hepatitis, was included in order to evaluate if an eventual association of autoimmune hepatitis with hepatitis C was restricted to patients with intense necroinflammatory activity. In the absence of such association, a comparison with the control group was performed to evaluate other factors possibly related to intense interface hepatitis. This control group was randomly selected from the database of the Hepatitis Outpatient Clinic of the Federal University of Sao Paulo (1:1 ratio). The same exclusion criteria were adopted for the control group. For the comparative analysis, patients with associated diseases [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), end-stage renal disease and kidney transplant] were excluded from both groups.
The study was approved by the local Ethical Committee.
Epidemiological characteristics
The patients were evaluated regarding gender, age, estimated duration of infection, age at the time of infection, abusive alcohol consumption (men > 40 g/d and women > 20 g/d), the presence of parenteral risk factors (intravenous drug use, hemodialysis or blood transfusion before 1992) and associated diseases (HIV, end-stage renal disease and kidney transplant). This information was recovered from charts where the data were systematically evaluated with a standardized questionnaire. The duration of infection was evaluated in patients with parenteral risk factors and was estimated from the first year of intravenous drug use or hemodialysis or from the year of first transfusion in patients who had received blood transfusions before 1992.
Laboratory tests
The liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase were assayed by an automated kinetic method and were expressed as the following index: value obtained/upper limit of normal. γ-globulins were assayed by electrophoretic fractionation on agarose gel and densitometry. All biochemical tests were performed within a period of 3 mo from the date of the liver biopsy.
Antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA), anti-liver/kidney microsomal antibody (anti-LKM) and anti-mitochondrial antibody were determined by indirect immunofluorescence and the titer was considered significant when higher than 1/40.
The patients were tested for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HIV-1/2 using commercial kits (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA). Anti-HCV was determined with a third-generation enzyme immunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA). Qualitative HCV-RNA was detected by PCR using the Amplicor® Hepatitis C Virus Test, version 2.0 (Roche Molecular Systems, Branchburg, NJ, USA), with a detection limit of 50 IU/mL. HCV genotyping was performed by VERSANT HCV Genotype Assay - LiPA (Innogenetics N.V., Belgium).
Histological analysis
A liver biopsy was indicated in all patients, irrespective of ALT levels. Liver tissue fragments were obtained by percutaneous biopsy with a Tru-cut® needle. The liver biopsy slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s trichrome, Prussian blue (Perls’ stain), and silver for reticular fibers (Gomori’s stain), and were reviewed by a single pathologist who was unaware of the clinical data. Histological analysis included the determination of the grade of interface hepatitis and of the stage of fibrosis, which were assessed using a semiquantitative scoring system according to Ludwig[17]. Patients were classified as having intense interface hepatitis if they presented a score of periportal activity = 4, in a scale varying from 0 (no inflammation) to 4 (intense necroinflammatory activity).
In order to better characterize the presence of eventual histological components suggestive of autoimmune injury, the presence of plasma cell infiltrate and rosettes was also analyzed.
Scoring system for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis
All patients were evaluated regarding the reviewed international diagnostic criteria for autoimmune hepatitis according to the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group[18].
Statistical analysis
The χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis of categorical variables. Numerical variables were compared between the two groups using the Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test. A level of significance of 0.05 (α = 5%) was adopted.
RESULTS
Among the 1759 patients chronically infected with HCV submitted to a liver biopsy during the study period, 92 presented intense interface hepatitis, corresponding to 5.2% of the initial sample. The characteristics of these patients are shown in Table 1. (General characteristics of patients with intense interface hepatitis n (%))
Among patients presenting intense interface hepatitis, there was a low prevalence of autoantibodies and the median γ-globulin level was within the normal range. Typical histological findings of autoimmune disease were observed in only two cases (2%). After applying the scoring system for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis only one patient was classified as having a definitive diagnosis.
Since overlap with autoimmune hepatitis was not the explanation for the intense necroinflammatory activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C, we sought to identify the variables associated with this finding. Therefore, we compared epidemiological, laboratory and histological characteristics between patients with intense interface hepatitis and a randomly selected control group consisting of chronic HCV-infected patients with absent, mild or moderate interface hepatitis. For comparison between groups, 13 patients with associated disease were excluded from the group with intense interface hepatitis: 6 patients with kidney transplant, 5 with HIV co-infection and 2 with end-stage renal disease.
In the group of patients with intense interface hepatitis, the subjects were older and the proportions of blood transfusion and abusive alcohol consumption were higher. In addition, these patients presented higher levels of ALT (4.2 vs 1.8, P < 0.001), AST (3.1 vs 1.4, P < 0.001) and GGT (3.8 vs 1.1, P < 0.001). No difference in the proportion of patients with reactive ANA or serum γ-globulin levels was observed between groups (Table 2). (Comparative analysis of general characteristics between groups n (%))
Regarding liver biopsy, the mean number of portal tracts observed was 11. Histological aspects are presented in Table 2. The proportion of patients with moderate to intense lobular necroinflammatory activity and cirrhosis was higher in the group with intense interface hepatitis (P < 0.001).
DISCUSSION
Previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of intense interface hepatitis in patients chronically infected with HCV is rare[19,20]. When this finding is present, other liver diseases, especially autoimmune hepatitis, should be carefully ruled out. In the present study, 1759 patients chronically infected with HCV were initially evaluated and in 92 of them (5.2%) a liver biopsy revealed intense interface hepatitis, indicating that, although uncommon, this finding might be a histological pattern of hepatitis C.
The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the overlap with autoimmune hepatitis in HCV-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis. In this sample only two patients (2%) had serological and histological evidence of autoimmunity in the group with intense interface hepatitis and only one patient had a definitive diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis based on the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group scoring system[18]. Although a 12% prevalence of ANA was found among the intense interface hepatitis patients, there was no difference in the proportion of patients with positive ANA when they were compared to patients with less intense necroinflammatory activity. In addition, the prevalence of SMA and anti-LKM was very low in the group with intense interface hepatitis.
No histological lesions typical of autoimmune hepatitis were identified in all except two patients and the proportion of cases presenting a significant plasma cell infiltrate was very low in patients with intense interface hepatitis. The high proportion of patients with rosettes observed in the group with intense interface hepatitis was not considered as suggestive of autoimmune injury, since it reflects hepatic regeneration activity as a consequence of greater necroinflammatory activity and can be observed in other etiologies of liver disease[21,22]. These findings support the suggestion that overlap with autoimmune hepatitis is a very rare association in HCV-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis and raises the possibility that some mechanism related to the host-virus interaction might be responsible for the intense interface hepatitis observed.
Since overlap with autoimmune hepatitis was not found in association with intense necroinflammatory activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C we sought to identify other variables associated with this finding.
In comparison to the control group, the presence of intense interface hepatitis was associated with the following epidemiological characteristics: more advanced age both at the time of infection and at the time of the biopsy, and a higher prevalence of blood transfusion and alcohol abuse. With respect to age at the time of infection, a higher necroinflammatory hepatic activity was observed in patients with more advanced age at HCV infection[19,23]. However, the mechanisms related to this phenomenon are still unknown. One hypothesis is that the ability of the immune system to contain the pathological process triggered by the HCV infection declines with age. It is possible that the higher proportion of patients with a history of blood transfusion in the group with intense interface hepatitis, another association observed in this study, also reflects the association between more advanced age and intense interface hepatitis, since in this sample patients with a history of transfusion were older (P = 0.025).
Excessive alcohol consumption was another variable associated with intense interface hepatitis, suggesting that alcohol may modify the histological injury induced by HCV[23,24], rendering the disease more aggressive even in the absence of lesions characteristic of direct alcoholic hepatic disease. The mechanism whereby alcohol may aggravate the HCV-induced inflammatory process remains obscure.
Analysis of biochemical and histological characteristics demonstrated that patients with intense interface hepatitis present with more severe liver disease, including a high proportion of cirrhosis (63%). With respect to liver enzymes, significantly higher ALT, AST and GGT levels were observed, an expected finding since elevated aminotransferases[25] and GGT[26] levels have been shown to be associated with greater hepatic inflammatory activity.
Although an association between genotype 1 and more intense necroinflammatory activity has been demonstrated[27], no such association between HCV genotype and severity of liver disease was observed in the present study and in most of the studies reported in the literature[28-32].
Regarding histological findings, the histological variables associated with intense interface hepatitis were advanced fibrosis and more intense parenchymatous activity. Although the association between necroinflammatory activity and fibrosis is controversial, this finding supports the hypothesis that necroinflammatory activity influences the progression of hepatic fibrosis as demonstrated in other studies[33-36]. The parenchymatous activity was another variable independently associated with intense interface hepatitis. Although the interface hepatitis is the main histological lesion observed in chronic hepatitis C, whenever the necroinflammatory activity is intense, this process tends to involve all the compartments, and is not restricted to the portal tract.
In conclusion, the absence of elevated γ-globulin levels, the low prevalence of autoantibodies, the occurrence of typical histological findings of autoimmune disease in only two cases (2%), and a definitive diagnosis according to the autoimmune hepatitis score in only one case, suggest that overlap with autoimmune hepatitis is a very rare association in HCV-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis. The uncommon histological presentation of hepatitis C with intense interface hepatitis seems to be related mainly to other host variables.
COMMENTS
Background
Previous studies have demonstrated that intense interface hepatitis is an uncommon finding in chronic hepatitis C. When this finding is present, it raises doubt regarding a possible association with autoimmune hepatitis.
Research frontiers
The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the overlap with autoimmune hepatitis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis.
Innovations and breakthroughs
This study demonstrated that overlap with autoimmune hepatitis is a very rare association in HCV-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis. This finding raises the possibility that some mechanism related to the host-virus interaction might be responsible for this histological pattern.
Applications
Considering that overlap with autoimmune hepatitis in HCV-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis is very uncommon, the best clinical approach for these patients should be antiviral therapy. These results reduce the dilemma of whether immunosuppressive therapy is indicated for patients presenting with this histological finding.
Terminology
Interface hepatitis is a histological finding in liver biopsies observed in chronic hepatitis. It is also termed necroinflammatory periportal activity and was formerly known as piecemeal necrosis. Interface hepatitis is graded as mild, moderate or intense. In this study the authors aimed to evaluate HCV-infected patients with intense interface hepatitis.
Peer review
The paper is well written and represents timely research aimed at identifying a link between hepatitis C and autoimmune hepatitis.
Footnotes
Supported by CAPES research support agency, Brazil
Peer reviewer: Dr. Eli Magen, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medicine B, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashdod 77456, Israel
S- Editor Wang YR L- Editor Logan S E- Editor Zheng XM
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